I've found the five most famous telegrams in history. There are probably more, but on the scale of historical events these five can be called the most important. 
About oil 
Farman Salmanov
In August 1961, geologist Farman Salmanov sent a telegram addressed to the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee Nikita Khrushchev with one line: “I found oil. Like this". 
Nobody believed Salmanov that there was oil in Western Siberia. Salmanov was offended by this, because he considered himself a great geologist. Therefore, Salmanov composed his telegrams rather roughly. Here is an example of the text of a telegram sent to one of the critics:
“Dear comrade, in Megion, at well No. 1, a gush of oil was obtained from a depth of 2180 meters. Clear? Sincerely, Farman Salmanov"
Over 30 years, Salmanov discovered 130 oil fields.
About the sinking of the Titanic 
The first telegram about the sinking of the Titanic was sent 11 hours after the disaster. This was done by Bruce Ismay, who escaped by boat. The text is:
“It is with deep regret that I report that the Titanic sank this morning, April 15th, after striking an iceberg. The result was great loss of life. All the details later"
For the rest of his life, Bruce Ismay bore the nickname “The Coward of the Titanic.” 
Bruce Ismay
About the Cuban Revolution of 1897 
In 1897, newspaper magnate William Hearst sent artist Frederic Remington to sketch Cuban events. There, since 1895, popular protests for independence from Spain took place under the leadership of José Martí. However, it didn't look like war at all. And Remington sent a telegram with the following text:
"Everything is quiet. No worries. The war won't start. I want to come back"
In response, William Hirst asked the artist to stay for a while longer:
“Please stay. If you provide the pictures, I will provide the war."
And so it happened. By the end of 1897, a real war broke out, and America joined in April 1898. On August 12, 1898, Spain capitulated and the United States took full control of Cuba. Cuba gained true independence 61 years later, when the Cubans, led by Fidel Castro, did not liberate Cuba from American patronage. This happened in 1959.
Telegram No. 511 
George Kennan
On February 22, 1946, an employee of the US Embassy in the USSR, George Kennan, sent a telegram in which he substantiated the impossibility of cooperation with the USSR. This telegram marked the beginning of a long period in the history of the two countries known as the Cold War from 1946 to 1991. You can read the full text of the telegram at the link. 
Zimmerman Telegram 
Arthur Zimmerman
On January 17, 1917, German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann sent a telegram to the German Ambassador to the United States, Johann Bernstoff, with a plan to enter the war against the United States on the side of Mexico.
Here is the text of the telegram:
“We intend to begin a merciless submarine war on February 1. No matter what, we will try to keep the United States neutral. However, in case of failure, we will propose to Mexico: to fight the war together and to make peace together. For our part, we will provide Mexico with financial assistance and assure that at the end of the war it will receive back the territories it lost in Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. We instruct you to work out the details of this agreement.
You will immediately and in top secret warn President Carranza as soon as the declaration of war between us and the United States becomes a fait accompli. Add that the President of Mexico may, on his own initiative, inform the Japanese Ambassador that it would be very advantageous for Japan to immediately join our alliance.
Please draw the President's attention to the fact that we will henceforth make full use of our submarine forces, which will force England to sign peace in the coming months."
As a result of the interception of the telegram by intelligence, the United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, and thereby entered the First World War.
The first telegram in history
Well, we can’t help but talk about the first telegram in history. Although it plays no political role, it changed human history in a matter of weeks. 
On May 24, 1844, Samuel Morse sent the first telegram in history. Here is its text:
“This is what God does.” 
Samuel Morse
Thus began the era of fast communication, because before the invention of the telegraph, the fastest means of communication were horses and steamships.
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